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                         (Eq. 163172)

where the path loss is defined by a median loss plus an additional term representing the distribution

                                                                 (Eq. 164173)

where: 

• F_median: propagation loss not including slow fading, i.e. path loss without variations option;
• F_slowfading(X%): slow fading margin for X% coverage loss;

The distribution of  the path loss  can be expressed in a general way by the following equation: 

where Q  is the cumulative distribution for R_max and the resulting mean path loss (symbol to be inserted) and an additional path loss  due due to availability or coverage  . The availability y of the system is linked to the coverage loss through the simple relation y = 1 – x. Assuming that slow fading can be approximated by log-normal distribution, i.e. median  mean, the relation  can be introduced where  b stands for a multiple of the standard deviation (sigma). A few examples for illustration: At a 95 % coverage, b results in 1.96, for 99 % in 2.58, for 99.9 % in 3.29, or b=1  68 % coverage, for b=2 for 95.5 %. The exact values can be easily determined by using the inverse Gaussian function.

symbol to be inserted).

Here are some examples for illustration: 

• for 68 % coverage, b = 1;
• for 95 % coverage, (symbol to be inserted) = 1.96;
• for 95.5 % coverage,  (symbol to be inserted)= 2;
• for 99 % coverage, (symbol to be inserted) = 2.58;
• for 99.9 % coverage, (symbol to be inserted) =3.29.
  
  The exact values can be easily determined by using the inverse Gaussian function.

                        (EQ to be inserted)                       (Eq. 174) 

The determination of the zero of function v, is made through a recursive method such as regula-falsi used in logarithmic scale which should yield a better precision. The solution of such a method provides the following equation:

            (EQ to be inserted)                        (Eq. 175)

...

In this case, formulas given for  need to be inverted. 

...

                (Eq. 165) 

The determination of the zero of function v, is made through a recursive method such as regula-falsi used in logarithmic scale which should yield a better precision. The solution of such a method provides:

                                    (Eq. 166)

...

In this case, formulas given for  have (EQ to be inserted)  need to be inverted. 

Note 1: Inverse The inverse of the normalised Gaussian cumulative distribution is implemented through a piecewise piece approximation.

Note 2: Ro is to be set to 1 m (0.001 km)

Note 3: If after running the a simulation it appears that the resulting coverage radius is equal or very close to the minimum distance or the maximum distance used in the calculation of the coverage radius, it is likely that there is a mistake in the values you provided. This can be solved by reducing the minimum distance or increasing the minimum distance used in the calculation, so that the algorithm may find can calculate the corresponding coverage radius.

...

Note 4: When setting the R_min, R_max values, please observe the validity range as appropriate for the selected propagation model. Otherwise SEAMCAT will produce the error a warning message when starting a the simulation starts.