Initially macro-cellular environment was implemented in SEAMCAT, but with time more flexibility was given to the tool to reproduce various topology options in cellular network (Figure 176). Cell sites are laid out in a hexagonal grid. Sites with omni-directional antennas are placed in the middle of the cells as depicted in Figure 172 and sites with tri-sector antennas are placed at the edge of the cells, where each site covers three cells. Figure 173 shows one of these cell sites (small hexagons in dashed lines) and that the arrows demonstrate the antenna orientation of each cell. The BS to BS distance (also referred as inter-site distance in the literature) is D. The cell radius R is equal to D/sqrt(3) in the omni-antenna case and is equal to D/3 in the tri-sector antenna case. Both suburban scenario and urban scenario can be modeled with this cell configuration. The scenarios differ only in propagation conditions and in the cell radius.

A wrap around cluster is used to reduce the number of cells required in the simulations and consequently to enable faster simulation run times. The number of cell sites in the cluster is assumed to be 19 (19 cells in the case of omnia-antenna and 57 cells in the case of tri-sector antenna), which appears to be appropriate for SEAMCAT simulation (see Section ‎7.6.3 for further details on wrap-around technique).


Figure 172: Macro-Cellular CDMA Network Deployment with Omni Antenna	Figure 173: Macro-Cellular CDMA Network Deployment with Tri-Sector Antenna

Therefore SEAMCAT supplements a single considered CDMA / OFDMA cell with its Base Station (BS) two tiers of virtual cells to form a 19 cell (57 cell for tri-sector deployment) cluster, which is then populated with a certain number of mobile stations (MS) and a power control algorithm is then applied for balancing overall system, see Figure below:

Figure 174: 19 cells omni setup

CDMA and OFDMA module shares common platform like the positioning of the cellular layout. The celular topology in SEAMCAT is composed of the “Cell layout” and the “Cell radius”a shown in Figure 176.

Figure 175: Cellular network positioning GUI

In the “Cell Layout” you can select 2 tiers, 1 tier or single cell layout. In addition, you can select between Omni directional (single sector), tri-Sector (3GPP) and tri-Sector (3GPP2).

The “Cell Radius” (km) is the size of the cell and defines also the BS to BS distance (i.e. inter-site distance).

Figure 176: Overview of the topology options in cellular network

Two types of hexagonal grids are used to represent cellular layout, there is the 3GPP (http://www.3gpp.org/) and the 3GPP2 (http://www.3gpp2.org/). The differences are illustrated in Figure 177 (3GPP) and in Figure 178 (3GPP2). The fundamental principal of the two approaches is that they share the same commonality for the BS to BS. Based on this same value, it is possible to extract the relationship of the cell range and cell radius between the two approaches.

Within the CEPT work, it is more common to use the 3GPP hexagonal grid, ECC Repport 82 ‎[6] and ECC Repport 96 ‎[7].

Figure 177 presents an example of the 3GPP approach:

Figure 177: 3GPP illustration of the Cell Radius, Cell Range and BS to BS distance

where:

Cell Radius = R₁

Cell Range = 2R₁

BS to BS distance = 3R₁

Figure 178 (a) and (b) illustrate the 3GPP2 approach for tri-sector and omni-sector respectively

Figure 178: 3GPP2 illustration of the Cell Radius, Cell Range and BS to BS distance for (a) tri-sector case and (b) omni-sector case

where:

Cell Radius = R

Cell Range = h = sqrt(R²-R²/4)

BS to BS distance = 2h

(Eq. 31)

What is important is that the BS to BS station distance be the same between the 3GPP and the 3GPP2 approach, i.e. where 3R₁= 2h which is equivalent to R = sqrt(3) R₁.

From there it is possible to extract the cell radius in SEAMCAT.

Table 21: Example of the distances relationship between 3GPP and SEAMCAT

	Urban Case	Rural Case
SEAMCAT cell radius (R)=	433 m	4330 m
SEAMCAT cell range (h)=	375 m	3750 m
Distance BS to BS (2h = 3 R₁) =	750 m	7500 m
3GPP cell range (2R₁) =	500 m	5000 m
3GPP cell radius (R₁) =	250 m	2500 m

In summary, according to Figure 179 below, the Table 22 shows the current different definitions for sector, cell and radii:

Table 22: Different definitions for sector, cell and radii

Parameter	3GPP TR 36.942	ECC Report 252 and others	Recommendation ITU-R M.2101 Report ITU-R M.2292
Sector	1 hexagon	1 hexagon	1 hexagon
Cell	3 hexagon	3 hexagon	1 hexagon
Cell radius	X	X	Y = 2*X
Cell range	Y = 2*X	Y = 2*X	Not defined
BS to BS distance	Z = 3*X	Z = 3*X	Z = 3*X

Figure 179: Different definitions for sector, cell and radii

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